Conditionals

if runs the lines under it when its condition is true, elif checks another condition when the ones before it didn't match, and else handles everything left over. Python knows which lines belong to a condition by their indentation: the four spaces at the start of each line under the line that ends with a colon.

Python checks the branches in order, runs the first one whose condition is true and skips the rest, so the order changes the result. If you started with score >= 50, every score of 50 or more would be "Pass" and nobody would ever reach "Excellent".

You can combine conditions with and (both must be true), or (either one is enough) and not (flips the condition). Empty values like "", 0, an empty list and None count as falsy in a condition, as if they were False, so if name: is enough instead of if name != "":. Watch out for a classic mistake here: if city == "Jeddah" or "Mecca": is always true, because "Mecca" on its own is a non-empty string. The correct version is city == "Jeddah" or city == "Mecca".